BENNINGTON,
BETH, AND JOHN STARK
Once upon a time, on a wintry Valentine’s Day Eve, Beth and I
traveled across southern Vermont en route to a charity fund-raiser in New
York’s Catskill Mountains. Caught in a major blizzard, we took refuge at the
Four Chimneys Inn in Bennington, on the New York border. It was there I decided
to offer Beth a diamond engagement ring, which she accepted—to my great joy.
As Bennington thus became a special place in our life journeys, we
decided to return there for a private wedding ceremony 15 months later.
Somehow, Bennington seemed to call to us.
As a former history teacher, perhaps part of the appeal for me was
that greater Bennington was the site of an important Revolutionary War battle
in 1777, where New Hampshire’s General John Stark led American forces to an
improbable victory over the British that changed the course of history.
Beth and I were married in front of the old First Congregational
Church in Bennington. The adjacent cemetery included the final resting place
for New Hampshire’s famous poet Robert Frost. As Beth was also a published
poet, we paid a visit to Frost’s grave for a special photo.
GHOSTS?
Years later, as a New Hampshire legislator, I was informed by
Secretary of State Bill Gardner—a renowned Granite State historian—that that
cemetery also included a mass grave that held the remains of scores of British,
Hessian and Tory soldiers who were killed by Stark’s New Hampshire men on
August 16, 1777.
This sobering information only increased my fascination with
Bennington. Concurrently, a friend and amateur genealogist informed me that I
was a direct descendant of Nathaniel Balch Sr., who was First Deputy of the New
Hampshire Provincial Congress in 1775—a forerunner to the N.H. legislature in
which I now serve. I asked Gardner if he knew of Balch and the Secretary of
State said he’d have his staff look into him.
True to his word, Gardner brought me into his office on June 22,
the legislature’s last session day for 2017, and handed me a folder with
intriguing information on Nathaniel Balch Sr. Not only was Balch a senior
member of the revolutionary legislature, but was a contemporary of patriots
such as William Whipple, Matthew Thornton, and Josiah Bartlett (signers of the
Declaration of Independence) as well as the likes of General Enoch Poor, John
Langdon and others.
(Included in the information Gardner shared with me was the fact
that Balch also served on a committee tasked with finding ways to collect taxes
from out-of-staters. Clearly he was a man ahead of his time in New Hampshire!)
These Granite State revolutionaries collaborated on a state
constitution which was proclaimed in January of 1776, six months before the
Declaration of Independence.
Inspired by Gardner’s research—and perhaps by certain spirits—I
took it upon myself to better understand the monumental significance of
Bennington.
OUR
REVOLUTION WAS DYING
The United States of America celebrated its first birthday on July
4, 1777. But it seemed likely that the young country would never celebrate
another one.
The fledgling nation was in dire straits. Most “Americans” either
remained loyal to the British Crown or were uncommitted in the ongoing
revolutionary struggle. The southern states in particular avoided armed
conflict.
Patriotic fervor remained strongest in New England, so the British
devised a plan to isolate the region from the rest of the country, crush the
rebellion, and reestablish the King’s authority throughout the “colonies.”
A gigantic British fleet landed a mighty army in New York, chasing
away George Washington’s outgunned American forces. With autumn approaching,
Washington’s demoralized army withered away on the Pennsylvania/New Jersey
border—barefoot and unpaid. The British soon occupied the revolutionary capital
of Philadelphia, which Washington was unable to defend.
America’s hopes traveled with Ben Franklin, who went to Paris to
plead for French assistance and an alliance. But as much as the French wanted
to counter their British rivals, they were reluctant to support a lost cause.
The British were utterly confident that the rebellion was in its
death throes and sought to deliver a coup-de-grace to end the revolution and
then hang its leaders.
A huge pincer movement would feature the large Redcoat army under
General Clinton moving north from New York City to link up around Albany with
an even larger British force moving south from Canada under General Burgoyne.
This would effectively sever New England from the rest of the colonies, to be
then punished and ravaged. With no significant army in New England and with
Washington helpless to assist, the rebellion would be crushed.
King George III and his ministers were utterly confident of their
plan. The war was all but over.
And then New Hampshire changed everything.
THE GRANITE
STATE COMES THROUGH
Bad news travels fast—even in 1777. New Englanders were in a
panic. When the giant British armies joined forces and turned east towards
Boston, there’d be no hope of stopping them.
Terrified settlers in what is now Vermont desperately pleaded with
New Hampshire authorities for help. The Granite State’s revolutionary
legislature convened and spirited debate ensued. Defeatists argued that here
was no hope of stopping the British and urged accommodation and appeasement.
There was no time, money, or leadership to do otherwise.
But some legislators—like Nathaniel Balch Sr.—refused to give up.
They turned their eyes to the Granite State’s top military man—John Stark, a
hero of Bunker Hill. An officer with the legendary Rogers Rangers during the
French and Indian War, Stark had also excelled with George Washington’s army in
the months after the Declaration of Independence. But in March of 1777 Stark
resigned his commission in disgust when lesser men were promoted ahead of him
due to political connections.
But Stark was a true patriot who could not ignore his state’s plea
for help. He agreed to return to uniform as a Brigadier General under the
condition that he answer only to New Hampshire—not to any political generals in
the Continental Army.
News of General Stark’s return to duty thrilled local patriots
who’d not yet given up. Within six days over 1200 men from all over New
Hampshire gathered—ready to fight. Langdon provided personal funds to support
Stark’s force.
Among those who fell in behind Stark was Nathaniel Balch Jr.—my
fourth great grandfather, and son of the revolutionary legislator. Balch Jr.
signed up with Stickney’s Militia on July 20, 1777, and was soon marching
westward, musket in hand.
As Stark and his troops trudged on, they picked up more and more
volunteers. The poignancy of the time can scarcely be imagined today, as wives
and family members—tears streaming down their cheeks—pleaded with their men to
stay home. But hundreds more fell in behind Stark—ill-clad, ill-equipped, and
ill-trained, yet eager to take on the most powerful army in the world.
True patriots, these men believed in America, but equally
important, they believed in John Stark. When the bedraggled column reached Fort
#4 in Charleston, N.H., Stark had over 1500 men. They then ferried across the
Connecticut River into what is now Vermont.
By the second week in August, Stark’s force had reached
Manchester, Vermont, where they met General Benjamin Lincoln of the Continental
Army. Lincoln ordered Stark to move his men to the Hudson River Valley to
reinforce General Philip Schuyler, who was desperately trying to organize a
force to slow down Burgoyne.
Lincoln was one of the political generals for whom Stark had such
contempt. Stark refused Lincoln’s order, explaining that he answered only to
the New Hampshire legislature.
Stark instead headed towards Bennington to link up with three
hundred Green Mountain Boys, led by Colonel Seth Warner. Stark had intelligence
that Burgoyne’s big army had slowed in its march, and needed supplies that
could be commandeered in Bennington. Stark got there first and prepared to
engage a large force sent by Burgoyne, who did not anticipate that Bennington
would be well-defended.
Leading the British force was LtCol Freidreich Baum, a Hessian
mercenary who commanded hundreds of brave, well-trained regulars, along with
many more Canadians, Tory/Loyalists, and Indians.
Stark’s Granite Staters were untrained and undisciplined, but
comfortable in the woods, and confident in their leader. Knowing his men’s
limitations, Stark ingeniously split his forces to outflank Baum.
Harassed by Granite Staters on both sides, Baum’s troops were
channeled toward a battle area favorable to the Americans. Stark then took personal
charge of his remaining men—including Nathaniel Balch, Jr.—on August 16 and
famously cried "There are your
enemies, the Red Coats and the Tories. They are ours, or this night Molly Stark
sleeps a widow!"
The subsequent battle resulted in Baum’s death
along with 200 of his men—ten times as many casualties as the Americans
suffered. Around a thousand prisoners were taken. A relief force sent by
Burgoyne was routed by Colonel Warner’s men, further enhancing a marvelous
victory.
That you’re reading this narrative is living
proof that Nathaniel Balch Jr. survived the battle.
BENNINGTON CHANGED EVERYTHING
Burgoyne was stunned by the defeat at Bennington. The needed
supplies didn’t materialize and the loss of 1000 men was a huge blow. His
movement southward slowed to a crawl. The myth of Redcoat invincibility was
shattered, and Burgoyne’s Indian allies abandoned him.
On August 28 Burgoyne learned that major British reinforcements
coming east through the Mohawk Valley under Colonel Barry St. Leger had turned
back towards Canada. News
of the American victory at Bennington similarly unnerved General Clinton in New
York, who dithered and delayed his move north to link-up with Burgoyne.
Washington
replaced Schuyler with General Horatio Gates and ordered troops commanded by
Israel Putnam to reinforce Gates’ forces. Stark also marched troops into
New York to augment the growing American army, whose numbers were further
swelled by other militiamen, who—inspired by Bennington—rallied to the
cause. Numerous sharpshooters soon picked away at
the increasingly demoralized British.
By October, Gates’ force finally outnumbered Burgoyne’s, and the
Americans closed in and surrounded the British at Saratoga. Burgoyne
surrendered an army of 7000 men on Oct. 17.
Historians rate the Battle of Saratoga as one of the most
significant battles ever—anywhere. The American triumph breathed life into a
moribund cause. New England was safe. Washington and his men took heart and the
revolution would continue. When news of the Americans’ stunning triumphs reached
Paris, Franklin convinced the French to recognize the United States and form an
alliance. With French help the Americans eventually prevailed at Yorktown in
1781, guaranteeing total victory and independence.
Many factors influenced the outcome at Saratoga—but none more than
Stark’s victory at Bennington. If Stark and his New Hampshire men had not
responded as they did, history would have unfolded very differently. Without
French help the Revolution would have likely failed and without the victories
at Bennington and Saratoga a French alliance would have been quite improbable.
STARK’S
PROPER LEGACY
Nathaniel
Balch Jr. and most of the Granite Staters mustered out right after Saratoga and
marched back to New Hampshire, hailed as heroes all along the way. Stark
stayed with the Continental Army and helped see the
American cause through to victory. He then retired to New Hampshire and died in
1822 at the age of 94. The last surviving American Revolutionary War general,
Stark arguably saved the young country with his actions during the summer of
1777.
Invited to a reunion of Bennington survivors, Stark demurred due
to the infirmities of age. He did send a famous message to the commemoration
which included the immortal phrase “Live free or die,” which became New
Hampshire’s motto.
August 16 marks the 240th anniversary of Stark’s
heroics at Bennington and hopefully people throughout New Hampshire and beyond
will reflect on how the Granite State’s citizen legislature and its citizen
soldiers came through to save the country when America’s prospects were never
bleaker.
As a state representative, I'm especially proud that my fifth
great-grandfather was a leader in that revolutionary legislature. And as a
United States Marine, I’m equally proud that my fourth great-grandfather picked
up a musket and was in the middle of the fight at Bennington.
Maybe it was more than a blizzard that stopped us in Bennington on
that snowy February night, once upon a time.
